The portions printed here complement a statement by the SWP National Committee entitled Their Transformation and Ours that will be published in the same issue of the magazine. That statement deals with the post-Cold War changes in the military posture and political world strategy the U.S. ruling class is pursuingand will continue to pursue, regardless of which party occupies the White House or organizes Congress following the November 2 election. It points to the convergence of Washingtons accelerated militarization drive with the interimperialist economic conflicts being deepened by the opening stages of a world depression. And it explains the transformation of the vanguard of the working class that has begun as resistance grows to the social consequences of these world capitalist crises.
Capitalisms Long Hot Winter Has Begun is copyright © New International 2004. Reprinted by permission.
BY JACK BARNES
Many members of the communist movement today have never lived through a ground war launched by the imperialist rulers, one involving large numbers of soldiers from the ranks of the American working class and resulting in many thousands of deaths on all sides. We are going to see wars of that kind not just in the decades ahead, but in the years, possibly even months ahead.
Only a couple of participants at this convention, those close to eighty years old, have lived, as political people, through a world depression. Some of us have experienced two or three deep-going slumps since the mid-1970s. In one or another of these downturns stock prices dropped sharply over a number of years, unemployment shot into double digits in several imperialist countries, and there were sudden bursts of inflation. Thats different, however, from a deflation of such magnitude that the financial backbone of world capitalismits debt structure and dominant financial institutionsbuckle, production plummets, long-term joblessness spreads worldwide, and the great mass of humanity is hit by economic contraction or bouts of ruinous price explosionssometimes both together. Masses of people lose faith in capitalism, but at first they just lose hope. Conditions of that kind, which have stalked the most vulnerable parts of the colonial world over the past decades, will become widespread and devastating. Were not predicting such a world depression; were living through its very opening stages today.
To function effectively as communists in the world situation that is developing, we have to internalize an understanding of imperialismthe stage of world capitalism reached early in the last century and continuing up to today. Until the contradictions of that exploitative and oppressive social system are resolvedand that can be achieved only by the proletariat taking power from the capitalists and landlords in the imperialist countries and joining in the worldwide struggle for socialismhumanity has no sure future.
As Lenin helped us learn, for the imperialist rulers there is no such thing as an absolutely hopeless situation, even when capitalism is in profound crisis.1 There is no hopeless situation for the bourgeoisie so long as state power is not wrested from it by the proletariat, led by a revolutionary movement that will not, at the decisive moment, fear the awesome responsibility of assuming power and shrink from taking it. And holding it.
Without such a revolutionwithout the insurrection that opens the road to workers powerthe capitalist state and the employers will wreak devastating enough defeats on the working class through fascist terror, and will destroy enough agricultural and industrial productive capacity through wars as well as economic means that are natural (to capitalism) to restart a miserable but real revival of production and trade. They will continue dominating the earth and threatening the very survival of civilization. So long as they dont lose state power, the law of value guarantees that they will pull their system back up. They must only endure; we must conquer….
U.S. imperialisms march toward war
The big-business press has given a lot of attention over the past two months to Bushs June 1 [2002] address to the graduating class at West Point. That speech marked another step in Washingtons drive toward war, toward the aggressive use of its military might, but not for the reasons babbled by the bobbing heads on TV.
The self-styled pundits, parroted by many on the left, proclaim that Bush said something dangerously new at the military academy when he spoke of being ready for preemptive action when necessary to defend our liberty and to defend our lives. But the fact is, all military assaults by Washington and other imperialist powers have been preemptive.
The U.S. armed forces werent under attack by Korea in 1945 when Washington ordered the troops to occupy the southern half of the peninsula, divide it across the middle, and when the inevitable result occurred five years later, launch a murderous war aimed, unsuccessfully, at conquering the entire country. Cuba did not threaten or invade the United States in 1961, nor in 1962. Neither the assault by U.S.-backed mercenaries at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961, nor the U.S.-provoked missile crisis of October 1962 was an act of self-defense. Vietnam did not hurl weapons against American cities or territories, provoking a massive escalation of U.S. bombing and troop deployments in the mid- and late 1960s. These actions that defined the American Century were all preemptive assaults by the U.S. rulers.
So, too, were the bloody twentieth century wars among the imperialist powersWorld War I and World War II. In the years leading up to both of these slaughters, the rival powers instigated incidents and provocations they knew would inevitably hand them a pretext to declare war and advance their national interests.
At least as early as President Franklin D. Roosevelts Quarantine the Aggressor speech in October 1937, for example, the Democratic administration had set a course toward building up U.S. military power in order to take on Japan in the Pacific, establish itself as a dominant imperial power in Europe, and hopefully preside over the subordination if not the destruction of the Soviet workers state in the process. According to the history were taught in school and see in the big-business dailies and on TV, it was Tokyos preemptive bombardment of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, that drew the United States into World War II. Since that unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan, Roosevelt told Congress the very next day, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire.
What usually goes conveniently unmentioned by apologists for the allied powers is the Roosevelt administrations preemptive act against Japan six months earlier imposing a total embargo on Japanese oil imports (as well as an embargo on scrap metal imports and the freezing of all Japanese assets in the United States). Washington knew that act of economic war, designed to starve Japan and stop the wheels of industry from turning, would force Tokyo to respond militarily. The only surprises were the unexpected audacity of the Pearl Harbor attack, the reach of Japans naval fleet, and the skill and boldness of the little yellow pilots from Asia.
In reality, what was noteworthy for class-conscious workers about Bushs West Point talk was not his comment about preemptive action but the ease with which he slid back and forth between proposals for strikes against enemies at home and enemies abroad. Our security, Bush said, will require the best intelligence to reveal threats hidden in caves and growing in laboratories. Our security will require modernizing domestic agencies such as the FBI, so theyre prepared to act, and act quickly, against danger.
Washingtons axis of evil
More important than the West Point talk was Bushs axis of evil speech to Congress four months earlierhis State of the Union address in late January 2002. We take seriously the threats issued in that talk. The White House did not simply pick Iraq, Iran, and the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea out of a hat as a representative sample of Clintons many rogue states. And the axis of evil is not simply three oppressed countries whose governments the U.S. rulers would like to overturn. They are three such governments that have the economic, engineering, and technical capacities to someday soon place weaponsincluding nuclear warheadson ballistic missiles whose range could at least prevent Washington from attacking those countries with impunity. In fact, the most immediate aim of the U.S. rulers drive for an Anti-Ballistic Missile System, reinitiated during the Reagan administration, resumed during the later Clinton years, and now being pressed forward by Bush, is to restore Washingtons ability to use its massive nuclear arsenal to blackmail governments such as these in the colonial world, as well as their friends, the fickleness of one or two of whom might be revealed in an ever-changing future.2
We must act on the assumption that the Pentagon plans for a multifront invasion and war against Iraq leaked earlier this month are the initial steps to prepare a massive U.S.-organized military assault. Within days [British prime minister Anthony] Blair weighed in, pledging complete support and participation. Leaked documents detailed the use of depots for war matériel in Uzbekistan and plans for air, sea, and land operations staged from bases in Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Turkey, Diego Garcia, and elsewhere. There are great hopes among sections of the Turkish bourgeoisie that in return for their cooperation imperialism will offer some relief from the growing debt burden and economic crisis gripping that country. And the U.S. rulers will make sure their royal highnesses in Saudi Arabia and Jordan also come around before the shooting starts.
Washington is determined to accomplish what it could not try to do as part of the Free Kuwait coalition during the 1990-91 war. The U.S. rulers aim to fight a major war to the finishand are gathering a coalition accordingly. With one foot in Tel Aviv and another in Baghdadand new military bases to the north, east, and south of Iranthey believe, U.S. imperialism will then be able to recoup some of what it lost with the revolutionary overthrow of the U.S.-backed shah of Iran in 1979. Above all, Washington is confident it can redivide military and political influence over the region at the expense of its rivals in Europe and Japan and assert its domination over oil and other resources. Some 65 percent of the worlds oil reserves are in that regionmore than 10 percent in Iraq, and a quarter in Saudi Arabia alone.
U.S. spreads military deployments
The United States is bolstering its military presence elsewhere as well. It used the war in Afghanistan to establish bases not only there but across former Soviet Central Asia, in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Last December Congress approved the so-called Andean Initiative, which builds on the existing Plan Colombia to expand the presence of U.S. armed forces across Latin America in the guise of fighting drug trafficking. The 1,200 U.S. military trainers in the Philippines, scheduled to complete their mission there in a few days, may prove to have been just a foot in the door, as indicated by talks already under way between Washington and Manila about reestablishing permanent U.S. military storage facilities there. At least it will be the opening wedge in stepped-up Filipino-American cooperation in the war against terrorism and Islamic extremism in the Pacific region.
Two processes are taking place unevenly but in tandem: U.S. imperialisms war preparations abroad and ongoing militarization on the home front, anticipating increased resistance by workers and farmers down the road. The Bush administration and Congress are advancing along the bipartisan trail blazed by the Clinton administration and Congress during the previous eight years. Reinforcement of the so-called homeland defense command structure; centralization of intelligence operations; use of secret evidence, preventive detentions, and curtailment of review and appeal rights, targeting noncitizens and prisoners first and foremost; bolstering of commando and SWAT-style squads on the federal, state, and local levelsnone of this began in the closing months of 2001.
A homeland command
The Northern Command will formally stand up later this year. The prototype for this homeland command was established in October 1999, tagged with the Clintonian Pentagonese euphemism Joint Task Force Civil Support. It is undergoing a slight metamorphosis, to emerge as the (more Rumsfeldian) Northern Command on October 1. Under the banner of combating terrorism, this new military command will be charged with maintaining law and order as needed within the boundaries of the United States when there is a threat of civil disorder.
Currently, the U.S. military command structure consists of nine Unified Combat Commandsthe European Command, Pacific Command, Southern Command, Central Command, and so on. The chain of command goes directly to each of them from the president of the United States, through the secretary of defense. The new Northern Command will be headquartered at Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado and will be headed by Air Force Gen. Ralph Eberhart, currently commander of the U.S. Space Command. NORTHCOM, as it will be called for short, will encompass NORADthe North American Aerospace Defense Commandwhose U.S. commander has the ultimate power by treaty, without prior consultation, to put the Royal Canadian Air Force under his command. When NORTHCOM stands up a few months from now, Mexico, in the eyes of Washington, will for the first time fall under the responsibility of a U.S. combat command.
If you simply add up figures on economic output, arms budgets, and conventional and strategic weaponry, then U.S. imperialism is the strongest power in world history, towering above its closest rivals on every front. But thats a snapshot lifted out of time as well as political and economic context and direction of development. The course weve been describing here is that of an imperialist power that is weakening vis-à-vis its ability to stabilize a world in which the lives of hundreds of millions of restive toilers in semicolonial countries are marked by the increasing turmoil, want, and disease produced by the world capitalist system itself. An imperialist power less and less able to handle the political challenges it cannot but create, because it is a power that cannot stabilize the global capitalist economy, the effects of which keep coming down on workers and farmers worldwide. A power that must bear a disproportionate load in policing the planet for imperialism in one crisis of its own making after another, from the Balkans to every corner of the semicolonial world. One that has not achieved its goals in a single major war since 1945. One that now, after supposedly winning the cold war without firing a shot, is no longer exempt from attacks on its home soil.
An imperialist power in its heyday is able to bend regimes to its will. To order allies to turn to. To crush resistance by toilers in the colonial world. It has the economic reserves to stabilize its international currency. That is not the situation of U.S. imperialism today, however, and has been less and less so since the mid-1970s. Instead, the moves we are witnessing are part of the decline of the worlds final empire, which today faces the political and military consequences of its imperialist course at the same time it is entering its greatest economic crisis since the 1930s….
Curve of capitalist development
None of these trendsnone of the underlying contradictions of world capitalism that are pushing toward depression and warbegan with the September 11 assault on the World Trade Center and its consequences. Some were accelerated by those events, but all have their roots in the downward turn in the curve of capitalist development a quarter century ago and the interrelated collapse of the Stalinist apparatuses in the Soviet Union and across Eastern and Central Europe at the opening of the 1990s. We have followed these trends over that entire period: in The Changing Face of U.S. Politics, in feature articles in several issues of New International magazineWhat the 1987 Stock Market Crash Foretold, The Opening Guns of World War III, Imperialisms March toward Fascism and War, and U.S. Imperialism Has Lost the Cold Warin Capitalisms World Disorder, and in Cuba and the Coming American Revolution.
Its useful now to go back to Capitalisms World Disorder and reread So Far From God, So Close to Orange County: The Deflationary Drag of Finance Capital, a talk given to a regional socialist conference in Los Angeles at the opening of 1995. The rudiments of the unexpected and violent credit contraction we are threatened with once again today could be seen in late 1994 in the collapse of the Mexican peso and in the bond defaultchosen in preference to raising taxesby the government of a wealthy county in southern California. We said at the time:
With returns on investments in capacity-expanding plant and equipment under pressure since the mid-1970s, owners of capital have not only been cost cutting; the holders of paper have been borrowing larger and larger amounts to buy and sell various forms of paper securities at a profit. They blew up a giant balloon of debt in Orange County over a period of years [betting on interest rates continuing to go down in the early 90s was an insight only greedy county administrators and Merrill Lynch bond salesmen were given by God; going massively short and uncovered was protected by the alignment of the stars!]; the bondholders thought they had died and gone to heaven…. When the balloon international bankers had inflated in Mexico in the 1980s began to collapse, the bondholders stepped in and blew it back up for a while. But in Orange Country, the more local officials borrowed to make a killing using public funds to gamble [in collusion with] bond merchants, the greater their vulnerability became .
Now the capitalists and their public representativesand not just in Mexico or Orange Countyhave been given another warning of the long-run possibilities of an uncontrollable deflation. Over the past couple of decades, upturns in the business cycle have relied on floating large amounts of fictitious capitalballooning debt and other paper values. The capitalists are now paying the piper for the lack of sufficient economic growth during that period to keep rolling over the loans.3
The capitalists pushed off the crisis for another half decade after the mid-1990s by inventing and inflating more credit instruments and paper assets. The stock market, as measured by the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the S&P 500, more than tripled. Corporate borrowing more than quadrupled in the United States over that five-year periodnot to expand productive capacity, but often to buy back their own bloated shares, bloat them further, and sit on what more and more becomes a cash hoard.4 Between 1995 and 2000, the biggest net buyers of shares in the United States were corporations, often the same corporations that had issued them. And weve already discussed the explosion in Wall Street leveraging of casino chips called derivatives.
Thats why, at this early stage in the onset of a world depression, we need to keep our eyes on the unfolding financial crisis of the bourgeoisie. In the history of modern capitalism, and in the imperialist epoch above all, the first giant shocks that begin shattering the confidence of sections of the rulers themselves are centered in financial institutionsin the banks and markets for currencies, debt, and equitynot in factories, mines, and mills. The devastation of production and employment follows afterwards, and with a lag….
Sometime in the mid-1970s we entered a downward segment in the curve of capitalist development, and thats the period were still living through today. Lenin and Trotsky provided us with the necessary political tools to analyze these long-range trends in the history of capitalism and their consequences for communist strategy and party building. Some of the most useful were their reports and writings around the time of the third and fourth congresses of the Communist International in 1921-22.5 Trotsky summarized these conclusions in a brief 1923 letter that we published in New International magazine under the title, The Curve of Capitalist Development.6
Unlike capitalist business cycles of recession and recovery with their chartable, and recurring, patterns, Trotsky said, there is no rigidly lawful rhythm to the long-term development of world capitalism. In the 1923 letter, Trotsky contrasted this conclusion to that of a Soviet academic named Nikolai Kondratiev. Pretending to formalize what could not be formalizedthe materialist dialectic of modern historyKondratiev bourgeoisified the work Lenin and Trotsky had presented at the third and fourth Comintern congresses. He argued that in addition to shorter trade and inventory cycles, there were also regular cycles of roughly fifty years that could be charted over the history of capitalism since at least the opening of the industrial revolution in the latter half of the 1700s.
Kondratievs empirical chart itself was a roughly accurate sketch of trends in capitalist development over the previous century and half, Trotsky said. But if you looked carefully at its turning pointsand at the duration and steepness of its upward, downward, and flatter segmentsit was clear that these corresponded to major events in politics and the class struggle, not solely economic factors as normally understood. There was nothing automatic or cyclical about an upturn in this longer curve, as there is at a certain point in the destruction of value and drawing down of inventories during a capitalist recession.
As regards the large segments of the capitalist curve of development, Trotsky wrote, their character and duration are determined not by the internal interplay of capitalist forces but by those external conditions through whose channel capitalist development flows. The acquisition by capitalism of new countries and continents, the discovery of new natural resources, and, in the wake of these, such major facts of superstructural order as wars and revolutions, determine the character and the replacement of ascending, stagnating, or declining epochs of capitalist development.7
A long hot winter
Kondratiev did employ a useful metaphor in describing this long-term curve, whose character he did not understand. He, and his rediscoverers and vulgarizers today, speak of the slow beginnings of recovery as spring; sharply rising segments as summer; the stagnant opening of a downward segment as autumn; and the more sharply downward segment as winter. Weve been in autumn since the mid-1970s; now one of capitalisms infrequent long winters has begun. With no seeming limits on the Federal Reserve and Treasury Departments blowing up every balloon they can find, and now the accompanying acceleration of imperialisms drive toward war, its going to be a long, hot winter. Even more important, slowly but surely and explosively, it will be one that breeds a scope and depth of resistance not previously seen by revolutionary-minded militants in todays world.
During world capitalisms quarter-century-long autumn, the business cycle continued oscillating, including two long capitalist upswingsone for nearly eight years after 1982; the second stretching an entire decade from 1991 to 2001, the longest cyclical upturn in U.S. history. Both upturns, however, were fueled by a massive inflation of debt and paper values, adding little to productive capacity in comparison to the post-World War II expansions in the United States and later in Europe and Japan. In seeking to boost their profit margins, more and more employers have been unable to count on anything other than pressing to drive down wages and benefits, lengthening hours, and intensifying labor. This stretch-out and speedup, this increase in absolute and relative surplus value, is the secret to the productivity growth that Greenspan exaggerates and brags about in order to reassure the capitalist class that something more is happening than a further expansion of the massive government debt-created bubble. By the U.S. governments own figures, however, including those of the Federal Reserve, neither economic output nor labor productivity during these two most recent booms came anywhere close to increasing at the rates logged from the late 1940s through the early 1970s.
Class inequality widens
Its worth repeating what a delegate from Washington, D.C., Sam Manuel, reminded us of during the discussion. Its never enough just to look at government statistics, or even at how the average or median sector of the working class might be faring for a few years. We have to keep our eyes on various layers of the working class, and the differential social consequences of booms such as these. Over the past quarter century, not only did wage inequality increase within the working class, but above all the income gap widened explosively between workers and better-off middle-class and professional layers, not to mention the wealthiest propertied families (whose astronomical annual incomes, let alone their accumulated wealth, are not even counted in government statistics). Real wages, medical and pension coverage, jobless benefits, workers comp, affordability of housing, food, and college educationall these declined, often sharply, for the majority of workers and working farmers. If, during the late 1990s, take-home pay rose for certain layers for several years, even that relief has reversed engines once again today.8
As long as the capitalist economy is heading up, as long as real interest rates are stable or coming down, as long as the dollar remains strong relative to the currencies of Washingtons imperialist rivals, this debt-ridden house of cards keeps standingand standing taller (in dollar terms!). But as all this begins to change, as it has since sometime late in 2000, the entire structure becomes increasingly unstable. Marxs observation that interest-bearing capital always [is] the mother of every insane form of capital is once again being demonstrated in spades.9
Neither we nor anybody else has any way of predicting exactly how long it will take for these gigantic balloonsstock prices, consumer debt, real estate costs, the relative value of the dollarto deflate. But since everyone can see it coming, it can seem natural to say: Surely the capitalists will do something to stop it!
But thats not how the law of value works. Thats not how a market system driven by the competition of capitalsand, in the imperialist epoch, on the more and more violent competition of bigger and bigger capitals, and more and more leveraged speculationoperates. Finance capital since the mid-1970s has postponed the crisis and moderated the frequency and volatility of the swings of the trade cycle. But it did so only at the expense of inflating the debt balloons more and more, increasing their variety as they debase the purchasing power of the currency, thus making the eventual bursting of the bubble even more destructive to imperialist stability, self-confidence, and alliances.